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Logic of Knowledge and Rational Thinking in Sociology
Logic of Knowledge and Rational Thinking in Sociology
Hasan Yahya, Ph.D
Reasoning is the essence of science. Any result should have cause. The effect of this cause vary when we add up other cause or causes to measure the correlation between variables. For example, in my studies of fertility and women level of education, the correlation can be found. But using a path analysis model using four or five variables, such as, wealth, literacy, etc., the correlation will be different from unilateral correlation. Our knowledge in this case will be enhanced to enlarge the picture from two variables correlation to an interdependence of several variables, in terms of partial effect, and total effect of a variable correlated with other variables. The process of research does not deal with personal or cultural perceptions. But depends mainly on logical reasoning.
We, the humankind learn and accumulate our knowledge base, true or not, through logic and wisdom or experience in our life-time. Such knowledge, is accumulated through the interpretation of our observations. Or what we call it our perceptions. Through these perceptions, we built and form our judgment or views, we make use of our perceptions to conduct deductive reasoning, followed by rational thinking, to rationalize in order to make well judgment of generalization.
In sociology, the concept perception is important as a worldview. Or as a sophisticated self-organizing information system. – Perception is the recognition and interpretation of our sensory stimuli, based chiefly on our ability to remember the perceived subjects. – Perception is the neurological processes by which our recognition, observation and interpretation are affected and made possible.
A Fact cannot be completely a fact outside science, I mean following the methodological steps to reach valid and reliable findings. But even in science there is an error estimated 1-5 percent in any fact. We call it the error margin. That means that 95% of our judgment may be true, in science according to our research assumptions, methodology, and measurement. But of our thinking and decision-making errors will mount to 95% due to the errors of our perceptions.. Culturally speaking, we almost always neglect logic, not as the means of deceptive presentation, but because it negates our own perceptions. For example; if we were to observe a subject, without having sufficient prior background knowledge of that subject, chances are to take the given information without any examination. And if the information given is misleading and deceptive, we therefore will end up forming our perceptions based on lies and deceit. Or at least on facts not supported by logical reasoning or by measurements (Qualitative or Quantitative).
Rational thinking is an exciting discovery process in an infinite space of possibilities or probabilities. We are able to think rationally to find and reach the optimum solution for any given problem, or hypothesis in a reasonable space or time. The process of deductive reasoning, however, should not be mistaken as rational thinking.
Hypothesis is a tentative explanation that accounts for a set of facts, which can be tested by further examination, a theory of something taken to be true for the purposes of deductive reasoning, assumption and investigation. Defining an Hypothesis is the precursor of a conditional statement. It must be noted here, however, that many advanced cultures have been spoiled, and forgotten, due to the lack of creative possibilities, or Hypothesis or probabilities.
Finally, a healthy rational thinking requires; an adequate attention span, patience and the ability to focus, to observe, to interpret, to perceive (on logical grounds) and consequently develop logical reasoning. (610 words)
Hasan Yahya, is an American Arab scholar, a professor of sociology, and a columnist at wfol.tv, and his own TINA International News Agency, Michigan, USA. www.hasanyahya.com
Hasan Yahya, Ph.D
Reasoning is the essence of science. Any result should have cause. The effect of this cause vary when we add up other cause or causes to measure the correlation between variables. For example, in my studies of fertility and women level of education, the correlation can be found. But using a path analysis model using four or five variables, such as, wealth, literacy, etc., the correlation will be different from unilateral correlation. Our knowledge in this case will be enhanced to enlarge the picture from two variables correlation to an interdependence of several variables, in terms of partial effect, and total effect of a variable correlated with other variables. The process of research does not deal with personal or cultural perceptions. But depends mainly on logical reasoning.
We, the humankind learn and accumulate our knowledge base, true or not, through logic and wisdom or experience in our life-time. Such knowledge, is accumulated through the interpretation of our observations. Or what we call it our perceptions. Through these perceptions, we built and form our judgment or views, we make use of our perceptions to conduct deductive reasoning, followed by rational thinking, to rationalize in order to make well judgment of generalization.
In sociology, the concept perception is important as a worldview. Or as a sophisticated self-organizing information system. – Perception is the recognition and interpretation of our sensory stimuli, based chiefly on our ability to remember the perceived subjects. – Perception is the neurological processes by which our recognition, observation and interpretation are affected and made possible.
A Fact cannot be completely a fact outside science, I mean following the methodological steps to reach valid and reliable findings. But even in science there is an error estimated 1-5 percent in any fact. We call it the error margin. That means that 95% of our judgment may be true, in science according to our research assumptions, methodology, and measurement. But of our thinking and decision-making errors will mount to 95% due to the errors of our perceptions.. Culturally speaking, we almost always neglect logic, not as the means of deceptive presentation, but because it negates our own perceptions. For example; if we were to observe a subject, without having sufficient prior background knowledge of that subject, chances are to take the given information without any examination. And if the information given is misleading and deceptive, we therefore will end up forming our perceptions based on lies and deceit. Or at least on facts not supported by logical reasoning.
Rational thinking is an exciting discovery process in an infinite space of possibilities or probabilities. We are able to think rationally to find and reach the optimum solution for any given problem, or hypothesis in a reasonable space or time. The process of deductive reasoning, however, should not be mistaken as rational thinking.
Hypothesis is a tentative explanation that accounts for a set of facts, which can be tested by further examination, a theory of something taken to be true for the purposes of deductive reasoning, assumption and investigation. Defining an Hypothesis is the precursor of a conditional statement. It must be noted here, however, that many advanced cultures have been spoiled, and forgotten, due to the lack of creative possibilities, or Hypothesis or probabilities.
Finally, a healthy rational thinking requires; an adequate attention span, patience and the ability to focus, to observe, to interpret, to perceive (on logical grounds) and consequently develop logical reasoning. (610 words)
Hasan Yahya, is an American Arab scholar, a professor of sociology, and a columnist at wfol.tv, and his own TINA International News Agency, Michigan, USA. www.hasanyahya.com
About the Author
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